KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING 2013
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA 2013, _.
CIP and ISBN 2013
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 00
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA, _.
PROGRAMME 2012
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 0
Programme
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA 2014, _.
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 000
ZBAŠNIK SENEGAČNIK, M.
POTENTIAL ENERGY SAVINGS IN BUILDINGS
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 1
The energy efficiency of buildings is becoming increasingly important and represents a great energy-saving potential. Today it is possible to build a house that requires 10 times less energy for heating than it would have done a quarter of a century ago. This is known as a passive house. The passive house standard was created in 1996 in Germany and spread rapidly, first in Austria and Switzerland and then in other European countries. By the end of 2011 there were 39,390 passive houses in Europe, with the number predicted to grow to 143,000 by 2016. Passive houses have been built on every continent and are suitable both for moderate climates and for hot and cold regions.
A passive house demands a maximum of 15 kWh/(m2a) for heating. It has an extremely high-quality airtight thermal envelope, without thermal bridges, and features a controlled ventilation system with heat recovery. As a result of all these measures, specific heat losses (transmission heat losses and ventilation heat losses) in a passive house are less than 10 W/m2. The building therefore has such low heat needs that traditional heating systems are no longer necessary. Passive houses use a "warm air" heating system.
A passive house is an optimal house – with costs that are around 5% higher, its heat needs are at least three times lower than those of houses built in compliance with current legislation. This legislation will become even stricter in a few years. The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) and the Rules on Energy Use in Buildings (PURES) introduce the concept of the nearly zero-energy house, which will apply to all public buildings from 2018 and to all other buildings from 2020. Precise definitions of permitted energy use are not yet available, but the values will undoubtedly be very similar to those of the passive house, if not even lower. The components and know-how already exist, so there is no reason for less ambitious requirements.
The passive house standard is suitable for new buildings and renovations, for different construction technologies and for all purposes of use: single-family and multi-family dwellings, business and manufacturing premises, schools and nurseries, museums, churches, recreational facilities, prisons, etc. As well as residential buildings, offices, schools, etc., a number of centuries-old listed buildings have already undergone renovation to passive house standard.
Almost 500 energy-efficient houses were built in Slovenia between 2008 at the end of 2012. Just over 160 of these are passive houses. This high number is due in part to grants provided by the state via the Eco Fund. The majority of passive houses are new buildings. Despite the incentives offered, the number of renovations is currently very small. Their number will shortly have to increase, however, in order for Slovenia to be able to meet its 20-20-20 by 2020 obligations. We need to be renovating 3% of the country's building stock every year, since the number of new buildings in Slovenia is too small to enable us to meet the requirements.
Reducing the amount of energy used to heat buildings therefore represents a considerable proportion of energy savings in the near future. Buildings need energy throughout their life cycle – for the production of raw materials, manufacture of building materials, construction, operation and, finally, removal. Throughout most of history, it is the operation phase that has accounted for the largest percentage of energy use. By increasing the energy efficiency of buildings, however, the share of energy for heating is reduced and the share of embodied energy increases. In the future, potential energy savings from the operation phase of a building will be transferred to the construction phase and to the search for materials and construction technologies with low embodied energy.
KRMELJ, V.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 2
KOMPLET, P.
MODERNIZATION OF DOMESTIC ENERGY APLIANCES WITH "NANO" CO-GENERACION
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 3
LEP, M.
SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY PLAN (SUMP) FOR MARIBOR – CHALLENGES AND THREATS
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 4
DEŽELAK, K., KOTNIK, S., DEŽAN, K., BELIČ, E., IVANECKÝ, J., ŠTUMBERGER, G.
ACCEPTANCE INDICATORS OF A MICRO HYDRO POWER PLANT INVESTMENT FOR A MICRO HYDRO POWER PLANT "KOTNIK"
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 5
This paper deals with the impact of the energy cost, produced by a micro hydro power plant, on the acceptance indicators of a micro hydro power plant investment. The aforementioned acceptance indicators are the net present value and the internal rate of return. All calculations are performed for a micro hydro power plant "Kotnik" with power of 10 kW, where technical and essentially financial parts are observed.
SEME, S., DEŽAN, K., ŠTUMBERGER, G.
ECONOMIC PARAMETERS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 6
This work deals with economic parameters of photovoltaic systems. Economic parameters are important for the calculation of the investment in the photovoltaic systems. The parameters for the calculation of the technical and financial evaluations of the investment are presented. The technical calculation is affected by parameters, such as, manner, position, size of the system, the materials of the modules, inverters and electric energy produced by the photovoltaic system. For evaluating the investment technical and financial calculations are important. It is necessary to assess the initial investment costs, annual maintenance and operational costs, and also the redemption price of electric energy. The evaluation of investment costs and consequently income from electric energy sales are required for understanding the basics of the economics of photovoltaic systems.
ŽELEZNIK, D., SEME, S., TRUČL, P., VORŠIČ, J.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION OF SHADING AND ELECTRONIC SHADING MEASUREMENT FOR SOLAR POWER PLANT
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 7
Harnessing the Sun has lately become increasingly frequent. The Sun, the eternal nuclear reactor, is practically an inexhaustible source of energy. It is clear source, which can assure us an important part of energy for our needs. Therefore the goal has to be to harness this energy to the maximal possible extent; especially we have to use the roofs of already constructed buildings. There are many objects, on which we could build a solar power plant, but not all of them are suitable. There are numerous cases where certain locations do not receive solar radiation due to obstacles, even after more autumn or winter months all the duration of the solar radiation is significantly reduced. The amount of solar energy therefore depends on the season and location.
This paper presents the design of solar power plants and pitfalls which should be considered in planning. Shading is present almost everywhere, whether they are individual objects or just grassland where shading may cause horizon himself or surrounding obstacles, for example, trees. The impact of shading, it is necessary carefully to be considered in locations where there are grouped objects side by side – in the cities.
The article presents a simulation of shading for certain position of roof of a building, which is located in the agglomeration (city). It is made a comparison between the mathematical calculation of shading and electronic shading measurement on the roof of the building.
DEŽELAK, K., JAKL, F., BELIČ, E., ŠTUMBERGER, G.
EMISSIONS OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS CAUSED BY 400 KV OVERHEAD POWER LINES TYPE DONAVA
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 8
In proposed paper the emissions of electric and magnetic fields caused by 400 kV overhead power lines type Donava are dealt. Firstly, the classical Donava type overhead power line is dealt, while different varity of conductor bundle are considered. Secondly, the Austrian type of overhead line is considered, firstly without and after with additional 110 kV system on the same tower.
MARUŠA, R., VORŠIČ, J., PIHLER, J., FERLIČ, R., BEČAN, M., ZAGORIČNIK, A., ULAGA, M.
CORONA AND RADIO-INTERFERENC PHENOMENON REDUCTION ON 220 KV BUSBAR IN PODLOG SUBSTATION
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 9
The restoration and the occurrence of corona and radiointerference on the primary high-voltage equipment busbar 220 kV in substation 400/220/110 kV Podlog is presented in this paper. On the busbars 220 kV substation in Podlog was due to wear fully replaced jointing and insulation equipment, including elements of design electric field. After performing assembly work, measurements were taken corona and radiointerference. The results are showed poor results, it was necessary to approach the restoration status. To perform to the repair, were made laboratory measurements of partial discharges and radiointerference. On the basis of tests and comparative measurements have been developed and tested prototypes corona rings. Based on the measurement results, it was concluded that the remediation carried out by corona rings, which have been designed and a prototype was confirmed by measuring the conformity of the appropriate form of the electric field to be replaced suspension and insulation equipment busbar 220 kV substation Podlog.
KUŠTRIN, I., GOSTINČAR, P.
REDUCTION OF NOX EMISSION BY SECONDARY-AIR REDISTRIBUTION
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 10
Till the beginning of 2008 NOx emission limit value for large solid-fuel-fired furnaces was 650 mg/m3. Since the beginning of 2008 it was lowered to 600 mg/m3 for large furnaces from 50 MW to 500 MW fuel-energy input. Since the beginning of 2016 only 200 mg/m3 of NOx will be allowed in flue gas emitted from furnaces between 300 MW in 500 MW of fuel-energy input. This level of NOx emissions can in most cases be attained by combination of primary and secondary measures for NOx reduction. NOx formation is targeted by primary measures while secondary measures are used for NOx removal from flue gas.
The goal of the paper is to present the enhancements of primary measures on boiler 3 of Power plant Ljubljana. This enhancements cover redistribution of secondary air between respective burner nozzles. Currently the redistribution enabled operation of boiler 3 with emissions below the future limit value of 200 mg/m3.
SENEGAČNIK, A., KUŠTRIN, I., LENART, J., LEBAN, M., SEKAVČNIK, M.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF COALMINE VENTILATION AIR METHANE UTILIZATION
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 11
During coal mining some dangerous and explosive gases are released. Due to safety reasons the mines should be intensively ventilated. Much of the released gas at coal mining is methane. Released gases are vented to surroundings with ventilation air and therefore the methane is not profitable used. One of the potential beneficial utilization of methane in ventilation air is the utilization as a power station air intake. This paper analyzes the possibility of using the ventilation air from the Velenje Coal Mine as an air intake for power plant Šoštanj Unit 5. The analysis shows that this utilization would have a positive effect in environmental and energy aspect.
ŠTERBENK, E., PAVŠEK, Z., KOTNIK, K., DRUKS GAJŠEK, P.
EVALUATION OF PM10 CONCENTRATIONS IN AMBIENT AIR IN VELENJE AFTER THE FIRST YEAR OF MONITORING
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 12
Since autumn 2011 PM10 concentrations in ambient air are being monitored in Velenje within the Slovenian state network. Year-round data are available only for 2012; compared with data from other Slovenian towns Velenje is the least polluted among them. The annual average concentrations in Velenje are comparable with both stations in Ljubljana, as well as with stations in Koper, Nova Gorica and Hrastnik. In all these towns except Hrastnik, there are almost twice as many days on which the acceptable daily limits are exceeded than in Velenje. Lower values than in Velenje were recorded only at the control station in the Kočevsko area (Iskrba). PM10 concentrations were also measured within the Environmental Information System of the Šoštanj Thermal Power Plant (ŠTPP) in Šoštanj, Škale, Pesje and the mobile station at the Unit 6 site by the EIMV Company. Allowable concentrations were not exceeded in 2012 on any of these locations and the average annual values were similar to those in Velenje. This favourable situation mainly results from district heating of households in the valley. If homes and other buildings, which are district heated, were to be individually heated, total PM10 emissions into the temperature inversion layer would be higher than emissions from the ŠTPP. Around 200 tons of particulate matter is released into the atmosphere annually from the ŠTTP and about 80% of this mass represents PM10. A third of the Slovenian electricity and heat for heating buildings, as well as heat for industrial processes in the Šalek valley are produced by the ŠTTP at the same time.
MELE, J., SENEGAČNIK, A.
DYNAMIC SIMILARITY IN SCALING-UP FAST INTERNAL CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED GASIFIER
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 13
The article introduces research of particles dynamics in a cold flow model of FICFB (Fast Internal Circulating Fluidized Bed) biomass gasification process and its scale-up to hot industrial pilot plant. A laboratory unit has been made for the purposes of experimental research, which is three times smaller than the industrial pilot plant. Process was designed and experimentally tested on cold-flow model and scaled-up to hot industrial process. For a reliable scaling up similar flow conditions were achieved in both units. The results of the laboratory model shows as similar to those of the scale-up device if geometry, flow and Reynolds numbers are the same. Therefore, there is no need to bring an expensive full-scale gasification plant into the laboratory and actually test it. This is an example of "dynamic similarity".
KOUBA, D., NOHÁČOVÁ, L.
TWO SIMULTANEOUS FAULTS IN MIDDLE VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 14
This paper deals with the method of solution of two simultaneous faults in the middle voltage distribution network, specifically two-port network theory. The main focus of this thesis is on the earth faults, in the resonant earthed neutral system of the middle voltage network and hence simultaneous single-phase earth faults are described in detail. Theoretical formulations are used to solve examples and results are commented.
RIBIČ, J., PIHLER, J., VORŠIČ, J., VORŠIČ, Ž.
MODELING TRANSFORMER IN ELECTRIC NETWORK CALCULATIONS
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 15
Computer aided load flow calculations and short-cicuit analyses are well known and technically soficticated software for with solutions for planing and operating are available on market. Deficiency of such software is usually lack of possibility to significantly modify elements. Three windigs transformers are mainly presented as two windings tranmsformers and sometimes lack of data is the obsticle for calculations. Article presents results of the research on how including third windings influence load flow and short-circuit calculations.
THALER, S., HECHL, T., ZARBAKHSH, J.
ENERGY SAVINGS THROUGH THE USE OF BIOMIMETIC ARCHITECTURES
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 16
Absorbers in solar collectors are used to collect the heat from sunlight for heating and hot water production. The use of solar energy will continue to increase in the future due to the rising cost of fossil fuels such as oil and gas. The aim of this work is to optimize the pipework system in the absorber plate of a solar thermal collector in relation to uniform flow and a lower decrease in pressure for modern solar heating systems inspired by nature. The other parts of the collector like housing, insulation, and the transparent cover should be the same as in common flat plate collectors using the existing production equipment and maintaining the production line. It is essential to tag the problems of common solar panels and to define the parameters meaningful for the fluid mechanics evaluation.
The evaluation of different natural channel structures should help to find a suitable network with good characteristics in utilization and flow resistance. The chosen examples will be presented, simulated, and analyzed with appropriate software to demonstrate their flow characteristic. The resulting new pipework model will be integrated in the existing pipework design of the absorber to obtain the first bionic-optimized pipework design.
LACKO, R., DROBNIČ, B., MORI, M., SEKAVČNIK, M.
PLANNING OF A SELF-SUFFICIENT ENERGY SYSTEM WITH 100% RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND HYDROGEN STORAGE
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 17
A potential solution for stand-alone power generation is to use a hybrid energy systems with hydrogen energy storage. In this paper, a pre-feasibility study of using 100% renewable hybrid energy system (using solar and wind energy source) with hydrogen technologies (electroyser, hydrogen tank, fuel cell) for a reference household application in Portorož, Slovenia is explained. HOMER software tool is used for simulations and optimal energy system determination, where geographical location and availability of energy sources, load dynamics, component technical and economical characteristics were considered. A remote household with electricity consumption of 11 kWh/day with a 3,8 kW peak power demand was considered as the stand alone load. Results show the optimal feasible system with lowest total net present cost. It was found that almost a ten-fold (34 kW) renewable technology capacity is required to meet the demand.
BELIČ, E., SUKIČ, P., DEŽELAK, K., ŠTUMBERGER, G.
DYNAMICAL MODEL OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK WITH DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 18
In this paper a dynamical model of distribution network with distributed generation is presented. Model of distribution network was developed using software package Matlab/Simulink with its blockset SymPowerSystems. Elements of utility network like supply network, power lines, load, and distribution transformer were modeled with elements which are already included in this blockset, but the distributed generator model was developed based on the current injection to the grid, considering references of active and reactive power. The aim of network modeling was to analyze the voltage profiles and transmission loses before and after connection of the distributed generation to the grid. Presented are the results of performed analysis.
HOSNAR, J.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND PROGRAMING OF HYDRO SYSTEM
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 19
The purpose of this article was to develop a generic model based on mixed-integer, nonlinear programming (MINLP) for system optimisation regarding the possible construction of a hydropower plant. The system is based on the model of an arbitrary branched water network; with a varying number of volume flows, ideal slope inclination of the analysed landscape and variable water-head at the flow intersections. Using this model we wanted to predict the optimal installation location of water capture within a hydropower plant, that would gives the maximum economic profit from produced and sold electricity using installed water-flow to the turbine. We wanted to present the results of basic physical and economic variables to assess the use of water potential and to provide suggestions on the selection of the most technologically appropriate water turbine driver for electricity generation.
Modelling and optimisation of the set problem were implemented using advanced GAMS computer software.
SRPAK, D.
CONNECTING WIND POWER PLANTS IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 20
This article describes the way of connections and control of nowadays wind power plants connected to fixed power network, and presents problems that are caused by wind plants because their operative instability. It is also described topology of a newer with better regulations capabilities then today commercial used grid converters. At the end of this paper there is a review of existing wind power plants in Croatia and those in construction with guidelines for improvement of system stability with high wind energy penetration.
IVANECKÝ, J., DEŽELAK, K., ŠTUMBERGER, G.
CONCEPT OF VIRTUAL POWER PLANT PARTICIPATION IN THE SLOVAKIAN ELECTRICITY MARKET
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 21
The proposed paper deals with a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) concept in the Slovakian electricity environment. The first part of paper explains the concept of VPP and also the reasons why is worth dealing with this concept. The second part of the paper briefly describes the market environment in the Slovakian power system, as well as methodology within individual constraints related to the operation of individual sources are considered.
SOVIČ, B., ROPOŠA, S., ĆATIĆ, D., GOVEDIČ, B., KORES, Č., MEZGA, Z., PREŠERN, M., SORKO, B., HORVAT, B., VARL, N.
ELEKTRO MARIBOR AND SMART CITY
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 22
Globalization and economic and technological changes put before us the task of how to simultaneously ensure competitiveness and sustainable urban development. Quality of life in the city is dependent on the residential, commercial, cultural, social and environmental conditions, as well as it depends of all of the services that the city provides to its residents. Group Elektro Maribor strives to integrate approach of providing the building blocks of the different areas of Smart City.
The construction of advanced metering system, which is next to information and communication technologies, one of the basic building blocks of Smart grids, energy consulting and energy consumption displays is in the quality of live area. In the future the main topic will be implementation of adaptation measures consumption and power management. Advanced technologies are an excellent bas for mutual cooperation areas dealing with different energy sources (water, gas, electricity). On the other hand, the advanced services are based on the use of new, more efficient ways to communicate with customers.
Area of Smart Economy refers to the Smart Grids, mobile payment and dematerialisation of documents. In the environmental field there are, next to the previously mentioned smart metering, smart buildings and smart lighting. eMobility, which can have a significant impact on reducing CO2 emissions and PM10 and PM2,5, contributes significantly to the Smart Mobility, Smart grids can, at least partially, solve problem in the operation of the distribution network that are due to the rising share of distributed generation units that are connected to the electricity grid.
Integration of building blocks, which is a new option and opportunity, will be possible with the active participation of conscious local communities.
ČRETNIK, S.
ELECTRIC MOBILITY: CURRENT SITUATION, SOME PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 23
Electric mobility is trasfering from academic debates into reality. At the everyday use of these types of vehicles, of course, there are also certain problems in the design which have not been considered - eg. optimal layout of charging stations, real range of electric vehicles in difficult conditions (such as snow) and local specificities such as terrain elevation. With appropriate accessories and tools such as route planning, including electric vehicle-specific data (of course also the charging stations) we will see faster implementation of electric mobility.
BUNTA, T.
INTELIGENT TRAFFIC POLICY AS TOOL FOR IMPROVING LIFE QUALITY IN CITIES
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 24
Traffic positively influence on society as key driver of economy. However traffic accidents, emissions, jams, poison gases, dust particles and negative effects on environment causes lots of negative consequences and expenses. Electric cars and vehicles powered by energy from renewable sources can reduce most of these negative effects.
Increase rate of green vehicles is low despite positive impacts of these vehicles.
There are many reasons: from high prices, short range to uninformed and unconscious buyers.
Beside financial incentives, building more charging points, better results can be achieved with different traffic organizaion in urban environments and use of different soft methods to motivate potential users of these vehicles.
Greater number of electric and other “clean” energy powered vehicles will improve life quality, increase competitiveness of the region and reduce its energy dependency.
EGGER, W.
MOBILITY DISCUSSION ON EFFICIENT FUTURE HEAVY HYBRID VEHICLES
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 25
Mobility in future should be efficient, neutral in emission and flexible in use.
So it‘s time to discuss the most important systems for transportation and working machines.
Heavy duty vehicles on street, on railways and working areas have in case of efficiency to be analyzed in respect to their efficiency, traction structure. These have respectively to be seen in saving energy on several construction details and material saving overall. New alternative traction structures on energy efficiency and future traction opportunities forces therefore the discussions around heavy duty vehicles and juggernauts.
The questions are, which structures of power trains have the best chances to be the primary future drive train in respect to the hot topics of the mobility challenges.
This paper shows a smart overview on ideas in personal sight of the author about future aspects and ready developed solutions in the field of heavy duty vehicles, well seen in quality, efficiency and performances on traction structures and material saving.
ELBE, A., GUTBROD, F.
E-VESPA: THE ELECTRICAL CRANK SHAFT
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 26
The aim of this project is to convert a historic Vespa 50 special into an electric vehicle with original, manual gearbox. Due to this fact it is necessary to find a way to implement the electric machine into the original power train. Hence the crank shaft converts the combustion engines power into rotational movement it is replaced by the electric motor directly. The primary gear transmission between motor shaft and clutch is the defined mechanical interface. This modular design makes the conversion process fast and easy.
ŠKVARČ, J., KUŽELIČKI, J., ŠPACAPAN, I.
ELECTRIC TRACTION SYSTEM FOR INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS OF URBAN MOBILITY
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 27
Car producers are intesively developing electric vehicles as an alternative to current urban mobility solutions for city centers. Letrika d.d. is offering an optimized electric traction system to activelly participate in this growing market sector. It is targeted to usage on heavy quadricycles (L7e category) or small cars of category M1. The system can be used with battery voltages under 60 V to take advantage of less demanding homologation standards. Traction is implemented with three-phase induction motor with squirrel cage rotor, specially optimized for this type of applications. Controller power stage is based on new inovative technology developed by Letrika. Innovative control algorithms are capable of delivering higher mechanical power at higher motor speeds by using a special algorithm to increase motor phase voltage. System is additionaly equipped with graphical display and programming console.
SUKIČ, P.
MAKING OF AN ELECTRIC BICYCLE FOR 2012 STUDENT COMPETITION
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 28
The team of three students decided to participate in the student competition in making of an electric bicycle in year 2012. This paper describes the whole process of making an electric bicycle, from the idea, market review, buying components, bicycle building, testing and at the end competition. The team had a lot of problems with some components, with setup and testing. It was decided to give priority to the developed torque of the whole system, which was proven as a good decision. An older bicycle Pony 20'' was equipped with 1000W Brushless DC motor and LiPo battery package which can store 720 Wh of energy. The team finished the competition at the second place.
JUNGMEIER, G., CANELLA, L., BEERMANN, M., PUCKER, J., KÖNIGHOFER, K.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES – AUSTRIAN RESULTS IN AN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 29
The Renewable Energy Directive aims reaching a share of 10% of renewable fuels in Europe in 2020. These renewable fuels are transportation biofuels, renewable electricity and renewable hydrogen. Electric vehicles can significantly contribute towards creating a sustainable, intelligent mobility and intelligent transportation systems. But the broad market introduction of electric vehicles is only justified due to a significant improvement of the environmental impact compared to conventional vehicles. This means that in addition to highly efficient electric vehicles and renewable electricity, the overall environmental impact in the life cycle - from building the vehicles and the battery to recycling at the end of its useful life – has to be limited to an absolute minimum. There is international consensus that the environmental effects of electric vehicles (and all other fuel options) can only be analysed on the basis of life cycle assessment (LCA) including production, operation and end of life treatment of the vehicles. The LCA results for different environmental effects e.g. greenhouse gas emissions, primary energy consumption, eutrophication are assessed in comparison to other fuels e.g. transportation biofuels, gasoline, natural gas and the key factors to maximize the environmental benefits are identified: 1) source of electricity, 2) energy consumption of vehicle, 3) energy demand for heating and cooling, 4) end of life treatment of batteries and 6) battery life time. The presented results are mainly based on a national research projects. These results are currently compared and discussed with international research activities within the International Energy Agency (IEA) in the Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (IA-HEV) in Task 19 “Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicles” that is led by the author.(http://www.ieahev.org/tasks/task-19-life-cycle-assessment-of-evs).
SOVIČ, B., GOVEDIČ, B.
IMPACT OF THE ELECTROMOBILITY DEVELOPMENT ON THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF ELEKTRO MARIBOR
KOMUNALNA ENERGETIKA / POWER ENGINERING, 30
The use of clean, alternative fuels for transport and development of electromobility can have significant influence on the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and other environmental impacts, including the reduction of PM10 and PM2,5 emissions.
Development trends of electromobility envisage a gradual increase in the number of electric vehicles (EV). Prerequisite is sufficient number of EV charging stations.
The expansion of electromobility largely depends on development of the EV, balanced incentive measures, regulatory framework, development of business models and local communities initiatives.
Electricity distribution network must be prepared for large scale of EV penetration and increased number of charging stations. In particular, an increase in peak power has great influence on the development of the distribution network and introduction of the Smart Grids concept.